1. Makapisozi Olimba
Makapisozi olimba, monga chonyamulira chamankhwala wamba, amakhala ndi zoteteza komanso zokhazikika. Zigawo zake zazikulu ndi gelatin ndi zowonjezera, ndipo ndizoyenera kuyika ma ufa olimba a mankhwala kapena ma granules. Makapisozi olimba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga mankhwala, makamaka pankhani zazaumoyo, zopatsa thanzi, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kusindikiza kwawo kwabwino, amatha kuletsa mankhwala kuti asakhale onyowa komanso okosijeni, motero amaonetsetsa kukhazikika kwazinthu zogwira ntchito za mankhwalawa.
Kapangidwe ka makapisozi olimba makamaka kumaphatikizapo masitepe monga gelatin m'zigawo, decolorization, kumveketsa, kuganizira, kuchotsa mapuloteni, ndi kuyanika. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndikupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, mitundu yatsopano ya zida zolimba za makapisozi monga makapisozi a mbewu ndi makapisozi owonongeka pang'onopang'ono agwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika. Mitundu yatsopano ya makapisozi olimba ili ndi biocompatibility yabwino, biodegradability, ndi magwiridwe antchito a chilengedwe, ndipo amakondedwa kwambiri ndi ogula.
Msika wovuta wa capsule, ngakhale uli wopikisana kwambiri, umasonyezanso zochitika zina zachitukuko. Choyamba, kufunikira kwa-gelatin yapamwamba kwambiri ndi{2}}yaukhondo kukukulirakulirabe, zomwe zikuchititsa mabizinesi kuti apititse patsogolo luso lawo laukadaulo komanso kasamalidwe kabwino. Kachiwiri, pamene chidwi cha ogula pa thanzi ndi kuteteza chilengedwe chikuchulukirachulukira, msika wa makapisozi amasamba ndi makapisozi owonongeka akuyembekezeka kukulirakulira. Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanzeru zopangira ndi mizere yopangira makina opangira kapisozi molimba pang'onopang'ono kukufalikira, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito komanso mtundu wazinthu.
2. Makapisozi Ofewa
Makapisozi ofewa, monga chonyamulira mankhwala osinthika, ali ndi udindo wofunikira pamsika wamankhwala chifukwa chaubwino wawo wapadera. Apangidwa ndi zosakaniza monga gelatin, glycerin, ndi madzi, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi kapena ocheperako{1}}olimba. Makapisozi ofewa ali ndi mawonekedwe a kukoma kwabwino, kumeza kosavuta, ndi kubisa kukoma ndi fungo la mankhwala, motero akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zathanzi, zopatsa thanzi, ndi mapangidwe apadera a mankhwala.
Kapangidwe ka makapisozi ofewa ndi ovuta, okhudza njira zingapo monga kuchotsa, kuyeretsa, kupanga, kudzaza, ndi kusindikiza gelatin. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, njira yopangira makapisozi ofewa yakhala ikukonzedwa mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, zomera{{2}zopangidwa ndi gelatin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa gelatin, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizigwirizana komanso kuti zisamawononge chilengedwe. Kuonjezera apo, teknoloji yodzaza makapisozi ofewa imakhalanso yatsopano, monga teknoloji ya microencapsulation, yomwe imatha kuyendetsa bwino kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala.
Mumsika, makapisozi ofewa ndi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza makapisozi ofewa wamba, -makapisolo ofewa osasunthika, ndi makapisozi ofewa omwe amalunjika. Ndi kufunitsitsa kwa ogula kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino ndikusintha makonda awo, msika wofewa wa makapisozi ukuwonetsa zinthu zotsatirazi: Choyamba, kufunikira kwa-zomera zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba{3}}zoyeretsa{{4}makapisozi ofewa akuchulukirachulukira. Kachiwiri, -umisiri wokhazikika wotulutsidwa ndi womwe akuwunikiridwa wasanduka malo otchuka kwambiri pakufufuza ndi chitukuko cha kapisozi wofewa. Chachitatu, ndikupititsa patsogolo kuzindikira kwachilengedwe, makapisozi ofewa owonongeka akuyembekezeka kukhala omwe amakonda kwambiri pamsika wamtsogolo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti msika wofewa wa kapisozi uphatikiza malo okulirapo.
3. Enteric-Makapisozi Opaka
Makapisozi opaka a Enteric-ndi mtundu wapadera wa mankhwala kapisozi. Mbali yaikulu ndi yakuti iwo samasungunuka mu madzi a m'mimba koma amamasula mankhwalawa m'matumbo a m'mimba. Kapisozi kapangidwe kameneka kamateteza mankhwalawa kuti asawonongedwe ndi chapamimba acid ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa amatulutsidwa m'matumbo, potero kumapangitsa kuti mayamwidwe ake azikhala bwino. Makapisozi a Enteric-okutidwa ndi ofunikira kwambiri pochiza matenda a m'mimba kapena mankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa ndi asidi wa m'mimba, monga maantibayotiki, mankhwala opha tizilombo, ndi mankhwala enaake.
Kapangidwe ka enteric-makapisozi okutidwa ndizovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mamolekyu apamwamba kwambiri-amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipolopolo za makapisozi, zomwe sizisungunuka mu acidic acid koma zimatha kusungunuka mwachangu m'malo amchere am'matumbo. Panthawi yopanga, makulidwe ndi kufanana kwa zipolopolo za kapisozi ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti mankhwalawa atulutsidwa m'matumbo. Ndi chitukuko cha biotechnology, zinthu zatsopano za enteric-zokutidwa ndi capsules monga zinthu zowola zikungokulirakulira, zomwe zikupititsa patsogolo kusamala zachilengedwe komanso kugwilizana ndi chilengedwe.
4. Mitundu Ina ya Makapisozi
Kupatula makapisozi olimba, makapisozi ofewa ndi makapisozi a enteric-okutidwa, pali mitundu ina ya makapisozi omwe amapezeka pamsika, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake ogwiritsira ntchito komanso ubwino wake. Mwachitsanzo, makapisozi osasunthika{2}}amatha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amatulutsidwa, kukhalabe ndi magazi okhazikika m'thupi, omwe ndi oyenera kudwala matenda osachiritsika omwe amafunikira chithandizo chanthawi yayitali-. Kapangidwe ka makapisozi okhazikika-angathe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kwa odwala ndi kuwongolera kutsatira kwawo.
Ma capsules omwe amawongolera ndi mtundu wa kapisozi womwe ungathe kupereka mwachindunji mankhwala kumalo enaake. Kupyolera m’njira zinazake zolunjika monga ngati ma antibody conjugation kapena maginito kulunjika, mankhwala amatha kupewa-timinofu tosalunjika komanso kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa. Kapisozi wamtunduwu ndiwofunikira kwambiri pakuchiza khansa chifukwa amatha kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yabwinobwino. Kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makapisozi omwe akuwunikiridwa akuyimira kupita patsogolo kwakukulu muukadaulo woperekera mankhwala.
Monga mtundu watsopano wa kapisozi, makapisozi a masamba amakopeka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumsika. Kawirikawiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni a zomera, monga m'malo mwa gelatin, amapereka biocompatibility yabwino ndi kuwonongeka. Makapisoziwa samangokwaniritsa zofunikira pachitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso amaperekanso njira zambiri kwa omwe sadya masamba ndi omwe sagwirizana ndi nyama-gelatin yotengedwa. Ndi chidziwitso chowonjezereka cha thanzi ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe pakati pa ogula, kuthekera kwa msika wa makapisozi a masamba ndi kwakukulu.
